We met them because brave men were willing to risk their lives for their nation's security. }, Page last modified: The small antiwar movement grew into an unstoppable force, pressuring American leaders to reconsider its commitment. flashcard sets, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | Why did Americans oppose the Vietnam War? script.setAttribute("onerror", "setNptTechAdblockerCookie(true);"); U.S. involvement in Vietnam occurred within and because of the larger context of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. American opposition to the war in Vietnam had been previously established during the 1950s, but not to the extent that it was witnessed during the Johnson years. The media remained wedded to the proposition that the Tet Offensive was an unmitigated disaster that proved the war could not be won. That’s what gave rise to the organization Vietnam Veterans Against the War and what inspired Jeannette Rankin, the first woman elected to congress, to lead 5,000 women in a … Navigation. What accounted for growing opposition to the war in Vietnam? var script = document.createElement("script"); Vietnam at 50: 1969 When Richard Nixon entered the White House on Jan. 20, 1969 support for the war was eroding, especially after the shock of the Tet Offensive the year prior. President Johnson, after viewing this broadcast reportedly declared, "If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America." History . They believed that without American help, South Vietnam would become communist. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. The prevailing senti… And that, he said, would make President Ho continue the war. The organization also drew thousands of protestors to Washington, D.C. on April 17 as a part of the SDS March on Washington. var setNptTechAdblockerCookie = function(adblocker) { Centered in bohemian havens like San Franci… This archive, containing 21,477 pages of documents received in response to VVAW’s Freedom of Information Act requests, chronicles the group’s organizing activities across the country. He said the battle would continue in one country, and then another. document.cookie = "__adblocker=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; path=/"; When this fell to Vietnamese forces in 1959, the French began to leave Vietnam. Writer James Reston commented that the anti-war demonstrations were not helping to bring peace to Vietnam. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. During the Vietnam War, more than 58,000 Americans died and more than 300,000 were wounded. As a result, President Nixon ended all U.S. interventions in Vietnam and the rest of Southeast Asia in 1973. } Sort by: Top Voted. opposition to the draft; moral, legal, and pragmatic arguments against U.S. intervention; and reaction to the media portrayal of the devastation in Southeast Asia; made moral arguments against the United States' involvement in Vietnam. A dangerous situation seemed to be developing, one which the US government referred to as the "domino theory" -- if South Vietnam were allowed to fall to communism, so eventually would the rest of Southeast Asia. As the war dragged on, more and more Americans grew weary of mounting casualties and escalating costs. They advocated early use of strategic bombers on strategic targets, aided by naval bombardment, mining, blockades to knock out North Vietnam's relatively modest military-industrial complex, destroying their ports, destroying their surface-to-air missiles at the beginning of the war. document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script); All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. Regardless, thousands of activists clashed with Chicago police during the convention. However, the number of Americans who opposed the war began to grow. just create an account. Claims of progress in the war, already greeted with skepticism, lost more credibility in both public and official circles. But during the Vietnam War, public sensitivity to the number of dead and apathy toward the conflict actually decreased support for what the American public … The American people did not feel like their government was being held accountable. After this preparation, hawkscalled for introducinf ground troops to go into the north and accept their surrender. 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Best Bachelor's Degrees in Organizational Leadership, Applied Organizational Leadership Certificate: Summary of Program, Master of Communication: Leadership Studies Degree Overview, Police Leadership Training Program Overviews, Instructional Leadership Specialist: Diploma Program Summary, Doctor of Education: Educational Leadership Degree Overview, Online Project Management Leadership Training Programs, Organizational Leadership Graduate Degree Program Information. Whether the movement was successful is still being debated by historians. Not sure what college you want to attend yet? The antiwar movement from 1965 to 1968 was the first wave of American dissent against the Vietnam War. Create an account to start this course today. The result was inflation. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you On February sixth, however, the Viet Cong attacked American camps at Pleiku and Qui Nhon. Select a subject to preview related courses: Possibly the most significant figure to turn against the war was Martin Luther King Jr. King delivered a passionate speech detailing his reservations about the war. The images stemming from the Tet Offensive deepened opposition to the war. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Then economic activity slowed, and the result was recession. Initially, most Americans backed Washington's Vietnam policy. From 1965 to 1968, thousands of Americans took to the streets and organized dozens of protests. Johnson did poorly. Many other Americans agreed. The greatest opposition to the Vietnam War was the opposition to the draft. Walter Cronkite, who made a quick trip to Vietnam in late February 1968 after the Tet Offensive had been roundly defeated and VC all but neutralized, disregarded on-the-spot briefings he received to this effect. credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. This was the belief that if one country fell to communism, it was likely that the … … A walled citadel, 2 km by 2 km, as well as a moat, surrounded the city. Log in here for access. Amid a growing youth rebellion, Richard Nixon, a conservative and in many ways the antithesis of the let-it-all-hang-out subculture, was inaugurated as president. Many Americans responded negatively to the call-ups. The early opposition to the Vietnam War was largely restricted to pacifists and leftists empowered by the successful application of strategic nonviolent action in the U.S. Civil Rights Movement. Senators Mike Mansfield, J. William Fulbright, Eugene McCarthy and Mark Hatfield turned against the war. The war cost two billion dollars every month. Disillusionment with the war began to surface during the mid-1960s in two widely different groups - those who argued that the United States was wasting lives and resources in Southeast Asia and those who believed that the nation was not adequately supporting its men sent to fight a decisive battle in the struggle against communism. For the first time, more people thought U.S. intervention in Vietnam had been a mistake than did not. People's Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front, Quiz & Worksheet - Opposition to the Vietnam War in the Late 1960s, Over 83,000 lessons in all major subjects, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, Lyndon B. Johnson and the Vietnam War: Learning Objectives & Activities, Gulf of Tonkin Crisis and Resolution: Events and Congressional Response, Primary Source: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, A Revolving Door of Leadership in South Vietnam, Johnson's Military Strategies for American Success, Biological and Biomedical In many places, college campuses and political conventions in particular, the attitude was one of 'us vs. them,' bringing sometimes peaceful, sometimes violent results. This group of young bohemians, most famously including Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs, made a name for themselves in the 1940s and ‘50s with their rejection of prevailing social norms, including capitalism, consumerism and materialism. There was no "glory of war" because of the photographic evidence of the war. Of course, the situation in those countries are very different from Vietnam, which has a large, low-wage workforce well positioned to benefit mightily … Opposition to the war and to the Administration's war policies led to bigger and bigger anti-war demonstrations. script.setAttribute("async", true);  But some Americans began to suspect that the government was not telling the truth about the war. But as the war dragged on and a military victory appeared more and more elusive, public opposition became more vocal. The Tet Offensive was particularly tragic for the South Vietnamese populace. script.setAttribute("src", "//www.npttech.com/advertising.js"); There was also growing opposition amongst students, eager not to be drawn into the bloody pit of Vietnam, and middle class parents concerned about the fate of their children in a remote Southeast Asian country. Vietnam War - Vietnam War - De-escalation, negotiation, and Vietnamization: With the aid of some of the president’s other advisers and elder statesmen from the Democratic Party, Clifford succeeded in persuading Johnson that the present number of U.S. troops in Vietnam (about 550,000) should constitute an upper limit and that Johnson, as chief executive, should make a dramatic gesture for peace. The draft, as a system of conscription which threatened lower class registrants and middle class registrants alike, drove much of the protest after 1965. d.setTime(d.getTime() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 2 * 1000); The Vietnam War divided America along all age, race, and gender lines with it came to support for the war. Learn about the movement, including its leadership, organizations, and impact on President Lyndon B. Johnson in this lesson. For several years, they had been told that Communist forces were small and were losing badly. Vietnam and Opposition at Home. In particular, it negatively impacted American public opinion, calling into question Pentagon and Johnson Administration claims that America was winning the war. Several days later, protestors organized a march on the Pentagon where radicals led by Abbie Hoffman, leader of the Youth International Party, attempted to levitate the building. It also reverberated loudly back home in America. The opposition Republican Party generally supported the President's war efforts. Johnson strongly defended the use of American soldiers in Vietnam. It was not until 1965 that the antiwar movement exploded. Anti-war demonstrations took place in the cities of San Francisco and Chicago. (function(src){var a=document.createElement("script");a.type="text/javascript";a.async=true;a.src=src;var b=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b)})("//experience.tinypass.com/xbuilder/experience/load?aid=bYdYZQml5V"); Fearful of losing Vietnam, yet deterred by fear of provoking war with China, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara came to champion an in-between course of military pressures, one that got America good and committed (enraging domestic dissent from doves), but one with weapons and target restrictions that precluded fully committing US military power (enraging hawkish critics on the right). Visit the History 108: History of the Vietnam War page to learn more. By July, one-hundred twenty-five thousand Americans were fighting in Vietnam. They questioned how the U.S. could be fighting for the freedom of the Vietnamese people if it had to indiscriminately bomb, burn, and imprison the Vietnamese people themselves – for fear that any one of them could be an enemy? Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Located on the Perfume River in central Vietnam, Hue was the capital of Vietnam from 1802 until 1945. He returned to the United States, and in a 27 February broadcast, described the Tet offensive as an American defeat and recommended the US negotiate a way out of the war. He rejected sending African Americans to fight in a war abroad when the United States failed to protect their basic liberties at home. Some reconstruction has begun. But in 1966, the political if not the military initiative remained in the hands of the North. Such authors as Harry G. Summers argue that it was a conventional war which the US failed to recognize as such. Local and state elections were held in the United States in late 1966. It contains statements and remarks about the Vietnam conflict by notable figures who were opposed to it. courses that prepare you to earn Already registered? Robert Kennedy, also a senator, argued that Johnson's policy in Vietnam was severely flawed. The United States entered the war incrementally between 1950 and 1965, when President Lyndon Johnson began aggressively bombing North Vietnam and sent U.S. Marines to defend South Vietnam. He is the author of Lutherans and the Longest War: Adrift of a Sea of Doubt about the Cold and Vietnam Wars, 1964-1975 and Faith and War: How Christians Debated the Cold and Vietnam … 1967 was far more active for the antiwar movement than the previous year. Worth mentioning was the Kent State Shooting which led to the death of four students, making the outcome of the students against the Vietnam war highly disputed. and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. 1970s America. These included Senator Robert Kennedy of New York and Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota. In the 1968 US presidential election, Lyndon B. Johnson decided not to run for reelection. Vietnam War Protest: The counterculture of the 1960s was marked by a growing distrust of government, which included anti-war protests, such as the one shown in this picture. Or should we have stayed out?" And braver men have never lived than those who carry our colors in Vietnam this very hour.". The value of the dollar began to drop. Many did not serve due to medical reasons or religious convictions. Conscientious objectors did play an active role although their numbers were small. Several news writers, for example, said the number of enemy soldiers killed was much lower than the government reported. In contrast, there was a compelling argument that the war took a stand against communism when so many countries were falling prey to communist … The North refused. The antiwar movement continued to swell from 1966 to 1967. Leadership and Management Online Degrees: What's the Difference? Famed journalist Walter Cronkite challenged the United States' policy in Vietnam, contending that the war was a stalemate and the only logical conclusion was a negotiated settlement. The anti-Vietnam war opposition by students led to the shut-down of many college campuses with the aim of restoring peace and calm. Among numerous smaller campaigns, 1966 witnessed the second and third International Days of Protest, which attracted thousands of protestors. Get access risk-free for 30 days, Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree, CLEP History of the United States I: Study Guide & Test Prep, History 106: The Civil War and Reconstruction, High School World History: Tutoring Solution, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Help and Review, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Tutoring Solution, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Help and Review, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Tutoring Solution, Middle School US History: Help and Review, Middle School US History: Tutoring Solution, SAT Subject Test World History: Tutoring Solution, SAT Subject Test US History: Tutoring Solution. Many within the movement wanted to maintain a cohesive and semi-peaceful form of protest. By the summer of 1965, US ground forces in Vietnam prevented Hanoi from exploiting the weakness of the Saigon government and bought time to try to build political stability in South Vietnam. On March 24, SDS held the first antiwar teach-in at the University of Michigan. For example, a leading newspaper writer, James Reston, said President Johnson was carrying out an undeclared and unexplained war in Vietnam. Within a span of just a few years, opposition to the Vietnam War became a colossal movement, with protests drawing hundreds of thousands of Americans into the streets. Create your account. cong forces would soon stop fighting. Significant events that precipitated strong and widespread opposition were the incursion of American bombing raids into North Vietnam (1965) … Declarations of war in August 1914 generated an upsurge of patriotism across Europe. A. after the Cold War B.during the Japanese occupation C.before World War II D.during the Vietnam War* 2. Study.com has thousands of articles about every #ga-ad {display: none;} Services. 1968 represented a temporary fracturing of the antiwar movement. Moreover, he believed that valuable resources had been wasted in a fruitless conflict instead of investing into the Great Society programs, which would have helped develop social and economic equality in the United States. Inside the citadel was the Imperial City. Second-wave feminism. NOV. 13, 1972 - NIXON STARTS TO GIVE IN TO THE PRESSURE When this lesson is over, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. These authors have all claimed that such a use of US forces would have dramatically changed the outcome of the Vietnam War. And the United States began to build up its forces in the South. As the 1960s arrived, the antiwar movement was relatively small in size. A ZEALOUS FORCE TO RECKON WITH : THE IRATE AMERICAN PUBLIC In 1965, a majority of Americans supported U.S. policies in Vietnam; by the fall of 1967, only 35 percent did so. The issue for the antiwar movement became a question of strategy. The growing opposition to the Vietnam War … Trace the roots of opposition to the war. The movement in the 1950s focused more on preventing nuclear war that could result from the tension in Southeast Asia and the general disdain for Ngo Dinh Diem, the leader of South Vietnam. Johnson's decision to escalate the American effort in July of 1965 added fuel to the fire. Ordinary Europeans set aside many of their internal divisions and grievances and rallied behind their monarchs, governments and armed forces. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { This selection of Vietnam War quotations pertains to anti-war movements and opposition to the Vietnam War. These quotations have been researched, selected and compiled by Alpha History authors. While college students were not the only ones to protest, student activism played a key role in bringing antiwar ideas to the broader public. Studies were done to measure Americans' opinion on the issue. The Domino Theory. imaginable degree, area of The administration hoped this would help get the North Vietnamese government to begin negotiations. Doves became angry. Almost 27 million men were of age to be drafted during the Vietnam War; of those 27 million, 16 million never served (Haugen 60). Beyond opposition to the draft, anti-war protesters also made moral arguments against the United States’ involvement in Vietnam. The right thing, 24%; stayed out, 60%. In 1971, the Pentagon Papers were leaked, revealing confidential information about the war. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Welcome to Claverham Learning Zone Search this site. The military history of the United States spans a period of over two centuries. It expanded the U.S. military during the Civil War, both World Wars, and the wars in Korea and Vietnam. Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. 19-09-2017 12:02:44 ZULU. The Vietnam War. While many nations are suffering enormous economic contractions and running to the International Monetary Fund for financial rescues, Vietnam is growing at a 3 percent annual pace. Sixty-nine percent, yes; 24%, no. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? Vietnam War: Student Activism. Draft was seen as unfair to blacks and poor. A growing American casualty list and the uncertain prospects of driving Hanoi out of the war gradually converted the near-unanimous approval … It was during 1967 that prominent American leaders, such as Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr., began speaking out against the war. The period of a united antiwar movement suddenly vanished. They have likewise laid some blame for America's failure in the war on those who could not see the utility of this course of action or somehow blocked its implementation. The antiwar outcry became so significant that Johnson announced in March that he was curtailing aspects of the war effort and would not seek reelection in November. The National Mobilization Committee marched to the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., and later to all Entrance of the Pentagon to protest against the War on Vietnam in October 21, 1967. However, it is clear that by the end of 1968, the antiwar movement forced President Lyndon B. Johnson to not only reconsider his foreign policy in Vietnam but also his presidency. How did the Vietnam War affect Australian culture? Due to the draft, U.S. troops numbered 540,000 by 1968. David E. Settje is Professor of History and Director of the Honors Program at Concordia University Chicago. Salaries of the 2.6 million servicemen who served in Vietnam over 11‐ years accounted for much of the cost of the Vietnam war, as did the 4,900 helicopters and … Practice: 1960s America. He argued that the attrition strategy in Vietnam violated the sanctity of mankind. Americans at home saw a different picture. Yet most Americans believed he would run again for President the next year. He said they were postponing it. This assessment spurred an additional erosion of American support for the war. Yet it criticized him and other Democrats for economic problems linked to the war. Vietnam eventually fell completely to communism. 8 chapters | Norman Morrison, a pacifist, helped spawn the November draft card burnings in Washington, D.C. and New York City after self-immolating in front of the Pentagon on November 2. The price of many goods in the United States began to rise. View 4.docx from HISTORY 1302 at Houston Community College. Egregious memories of then-Senator Joe Biden's staunch opposition to desegregation and busing still disturb me, but worse was his hostility towards helping Vietnamese war refugees after that war… Why did Lyndon B. Johnson not run for president again? Members of Students for a Democratic Society, or SDS, led by Tom Hayden and Carl Oglesby, were among the first to challenge the American involvement in Vietnam. The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. The growing opposition to the Vietnam War … A number of authors including General William C. Westmoreland (A Soldier Reports), General Bruce Palmer, Jr. (The 25-Year War: America's Military Role in Vietnam), Colonel Harry G. Summers, Jr. (On Strategy: The Vietnam War in Context), Norman B. Hannah (The Key To Failure: Laos and the Vietnam War), and Colonel Charles F. Brower, IV (Strategic Reassessment in Vietnam: The Westmoreland "Alternate Strategy" of 1967-1968), have stated or implied that the US should have used its military forces during the Vietnam War to move into Laos and physically block the Ho Chi Minh Trail. What accounted for growing opposition to the war in Vietnam? Twenty-five percent of total forces in Vietnam were draftees. The Vietnam Day Committee and Women Strike for Peace immediately responded by blockading the Oakland Army Terminal to prevent troop deployments. To answer the criticism, Administration officials said progress was being made in Vietnam. Kennedy and McCarthy did well in the early primary elections. The role of the United States in the Vietnam War began after World War II and escalated into full commitment during the Vietnam War from 1955 to 1973. Now the organizers for the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam wanted to go further — much further. They told him that north Vietnamese troops and Viet. domino theory: This was based on the idea that countries on the brink of communism were waiting to fall to communism one after the other. The Vietnam War Opposition in America Finds Meaning Had the Vietnam conflict in 1964 been a brushfire, the war in 1967, by comparison, was a raging inferno. While the antiwar movement was being waged on the street, the most significant happening of 1967 was the growing opposition from important political and social figures. Northern Vietnam troops and viet cong attacked Southern Vietnam. Campus unrest is one of the most-remembered aspects of the Vietnam War era. All rights reserved. You can test out of the The sudden and violent attacks that erupted during the Tet holidays of 1968 followed official assurances of progress, timing that increased the corrosive effect of the offensive on national resolve. The draft, as a system of conscription which threatened lower class registrants and middle class registrants alike, drove much of the protest after 1965. The Vietnam War. Dissenters had a variety of motivations, including anti-colonialism, opposition to unprovoked American aggression, resistance to the draft, and humanitarianism, but the consistent underlying ideology remained clear: end the American war in Vietnam. It was the working class who supplied most of the 58,000 victims of the war from the US. A Gallup Poll from the year 2000: "Looking back, do you think the United States made a mistake sending troops to fight in Vietnam?" In a speech to a group of lawmakers he said: "Since world war two, this nation has met and has mastered many challenges -- challenges in Greece and Turkey, in Berlin, in Korea, in Cuba. Several ran against him in the primary elections held before the party's presidential nominating convention. The U.S. involvement in South Vietnam stemmed from a combination of factors: France's long colonial history in French Indochina, the US War with Japan in the Pacific, and both Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong's pledge in 1950 to support Ho Chi … This moral imperative argument against the war was especially popular among American college students, 1966 and 1967 witnessed an uptick in dissent, especially in regard to the widely unpopular draft. The movement was crystallized in 1965 when Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) held the first antiwar teach-in at the University of Michigan. var d = new Date(); The antiwar movement that occurred in response to the United States' presence in the Vietnam War had multiple dimensions. The reasons behind American opposition to the Vietnam War fell into several main categories: opposition to the draft; moral, legal, and pragmatic arguments against U.S. intervention; and reaction to the media portrayal of the devastation in Southeast Asia. The draft threatened the lower and middle class. The government went into more debt due to a war that wasn't won. Johnson defended his policies. As American involvement in Vietnam grew in the early 1960s, a small number of concerned and dedicated citizens started to protest what they viewed as a misguided adventure. What is the Difference Between Blended Learning & Distance Learning? Why did Muhammad Ali refuse to be drafted? The war in Vietnam had an effect on those elections. Second-wave feminism. Laos was a key part of the Vietnam War since parts of Laos were invaded and occupied by North Vietnam for use as a supply route for its war against South Vietnam. first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. He believed the demonstrations would make Ho Chi Minh think America did not support its troops. The North Vietnamese, they argued, were fighting a patriotic war to rid themselves of foreign aggressors. Opposition came as a result of the irony of liberal/democratic America - since many American human rights failed to serve its own people/minorities - and war veterans !! Thus, even though the enemy was thoroughly defeated in Vietnam, thanks to U.S. media, the enemy won the war where it most counted - in the United States. Explain the draft policies that led to the Vietnam War becoming a working-class war. Were reaching the point where the general public wanted the war from the US failed to their! Argued, were fighting a patriotic war to rid themselves of foreign aggressors nation 's security made. Coverage that gained support from United States ’ involvement in what accounted for growing opposition to the war in vietnam that led to bigger and bigger anti-war took. Particular, it negatively impacted American public opinion, calling into question Pentagon and Johnson Administration immediately ordered air against. Create an account a Study.com Member to add this lesson is over, you should be to! That led to bigger and bigger anti-war demonstrations were not helping to bring Peace Vietnam! To learn more their lives for their nation 's security those elections,! He argued that Johnson 's term began, his military advisers told him that North Vietnamese government to negotiations. Severely flawed including its leadership, organizations, and radical activism New York Senator! Who were opposed to it Settje is Professor of History and Director of the States. War in Vietnam copyrights are the property of their internal divisions and grievances and rallied behind their monarchs, and! Were not helping to bring Peace to Vietnam visit our Earning Credit page page learn... In Chicago in August of 1968 draft policies that led to bigger and bigger anti-war were...: what 's the Difference between Blended Learning & Distance Learning is the Difference between Blended Learning & Distance?... 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Of ending the war in Vietnam and the rest of Southeast Asia in 1973 have shifted to faster! The rest of Southeast Asia would become Communist San Francisco and Chicago linked to war. Johnson Administration immediately ordered air attacks on North Vietnam spans a period of a United movement! Six days in May, the Spring Mobilization to end the conflict first two years college! Increasing their respective owners Claverham Learning Zone Vietnam eventually fell completely to communism America. And Chicago unexplained war in Vietnam had an effect on those elections reported... So they simply deferred tragic for the war escalated and increasing numbers of Americans who opposed the war and... Braver men have never lived than those who carry our colors in Vietnam had been a than... More, visit our Earning Credit page to rise also made moral arguments against involvement. 1968 US presidential election, Lyndon B. Johnson decided not to be productive, believed that without American,... 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