proximate cause definition biology

An error occurred trying to load this video. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. 0000032496 00000 n The proximate cause is essentially that initial event that triggered the claim and need not be the event that immediately preceded the loss. What does proximate and ultimate causation mean? Instead, it must be the primary, or predominant, cause of the injury. credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. April 5, 2018 Different levels of explanation . This lesson discusses the basic definition of proximate cause and provides some examples of the concept. 0000004086 00000 n Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you The distinction between proximate and evolutionary explanations is a core principle of evolutionary medicine, 2 but Mayr’s terminology has caused confusion. In order to prove that a defendant is liable for the plaintiff's injury, there must be proof that the defendant's action was the proximate cause of the injury. 0000003558 00000 n {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | Proximate cause produces particular, foreseeable consequences without the intervention of any independent or unforeseeable cause. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. 0000014086 00000 n 0000003705 00000 n You can test out of the For an act to be deemed to cause a harm, both tests must be met; proximate cause is … Services. 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The most common way to determine proximate cause is by asking yourself the following question: was the victim's injury a foreseeable consequence of the defendant's action? The proximate cause of an injury is the event or act closely related to the injury. Proximate causes include hereditary, developmental, structural, cognitive, psychological, and physiological aspects of behaviour. Proximate cause is an act, whether intentional or negligent, that is determined to have caused someone else’s damages, injury, or suffering. courses that prepare you to earn 0000003857 00000 n flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? While cause-in-fact causation is a relatively straightforward concept, proximate cause is harder to define. 0000008100 00000 n 0000031866 00000 n proximate cause definition: something that is considered to be the direct cause of damage, loss, or injury: . - Definition, Examples & Rules, No Contact Order: Violation & Consequences, Intro to Criminal Justice: Help and Review, Biological and Biomedical 0000004242 00000 n Synonyms for Proximate cause in Free Thesaurus. proximate cause n. a happening which results in an event, particularly injury due to negligence or an intentional wrongful act. Proximate cause is a legal concept applied to limit the scope of liability in a civil or criminal action. 0000003632 00000 n This is known as the foreseeability test for proximate cause. 0000002887 00000 n In other words, but for Sam's failure to tie off the boat properly, Peggy would never had suffered whiplash. 0000002263 00000 n Biology Biology (MindTap Course List) Distinguish between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior and apply the concepts of ultimate cause and cost–benefit analysis to decide whether a particular behavior is adaptive. There are two types of causation: cause-in-fact causation and proximate cause. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 83,000 0000002738 00000 n 8.1 Proximate Cause Definition Proximate cause was defined in the case of Pawsey v Scottish Union & National Insurance Company (1908) as: the active and efficient cause that sets in motion a train of events which brings about a result, without the intervention of any force started and working actively from a new and independent source . proximate cause meaning: something that is considered to be the direct cause of damage, loss, or injury: . - Definition, History & Strategies, What Is Criminal Justice? Tipping the first domino was the proximate cause of the falling of the second domino - it represents the most closely related event. The crash causes the pier to collapse. 0000011668 00000 n - Definition, Types, Process & Example, What Is Community Policing? Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal The noun "approximation" and both the noun and verb "approximate" derive from … Yet, proximate and ultimate causes deal with questions of how and why and both have applications in other fields. - Definition and Examples, Introduction to American Government: Certificate Program, DSST Fundamentals of Counseling: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Counseling: Certificate Program, DSST Human Cultural Geography: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Human Geography: Certificate Program, Introduction to Human Geography: Help and Review, Foundations of Education: Certificate Program, American Government Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Introduction to Criminal Justice Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Foundations of Education Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, CLEP Social Sciences and History: Study Guide & Test Prep, Instructional Strategies for Teachers: Help & Review, OSAT Psychology/Sociology (CEOE) (032): Practice & Study Guide, GACE Political Science (532): Practice & Study Guide. Private Law: Definitions and Differences, Criminal Law vs. Civil Law: Definitions and Differences, Substantive Law vs. 0000003262 00000 n 0000031654 00000 n 0000030970 00000 n All rights reserved. 3 He called the study of proximate mechanisms ‘functional biology’, but studying the adaptive functions of traits is central to the evolutionary, not proximate explanations. What Are The TELPAS Language Proficiency Levels? Proximate: Short term, developmental, genetic, physiological explanations; Ultimate: Long term, evolutionary, adaptive explanations; Why are Prairie Voles monogamous? It is not necessarily the closest cause in time or space nor the first event that sets in motion a sequence of events leading to an injury. 0000009871 00000 n Otherwise, a seemingly innocent act may result in unlimited liability for any number of unforeseen consequences. © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. One night, Sam returns to the harbor from a fishing expedition. A specific gene codes for whether they have light or dark-colored wings. Ultimate causation refers to the effects of behavior on fitness, through an understanding of the ecologyof the organism and its evolution. Sam's failure to properly secure his boat was the 'but-for' cause of Steve's injury. Can Peggy recover from Sam the sailor for her injuries? 0000003187 00000 n Sam's failure to properly inspect the mooring rope was the cause-in-fact of Peggy's injury. 0000027425 00000 n Proximate cause is the primary cause of an injury. The populations differ in their choice of the water in which they choose to lay their eggs. Proximate cause relates to the relationship between an event and an injury. This video introduces students to proximate and ultimate explanations of biological systems by taking them through the example of the lac operon. Unlike Peggy, Steve has a better chance of success in a lawsuit against Sam. Proximate cause is a key principle of Insurance and is concerned with how the loss or damage actually occurred. 0000003933 00000 n Mate guarding ensures … The ultimate cause (the why ) of the behavior is to protect their offspring, which will increase their reproduction, which with survival are a key components of evolutionary fitness that we learned about in the evolution module. Imagine that in the same example, Steve is sleeping on his boat when Sam's boat comes untied. 246 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior Learning Objectives. What Can You Do With a Master's in Criminology? One apparently plausible interpretation of this dichotomy is that proximate causes concern processes occurring during the life of an organism while ultimate causes refer to those processes (particularly natural selection) that shaped its genome. Cause-in-fact causation can be best described as a 'but-for' chain reaction: But for the action, the injury would not have occurred. The test for proximate cause determines if the injury was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the action. This is where proximate cause comes into play. For instance, a violent outburst may have a proximate cause of being insulted, but the remote cause may be hidden anger from a similar event early in the respondent's life. startxref By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: Compare innate and learned behavior; Discuss how movement and migration behaviors are a result of natural selection; Discuss the different ways members of a population communicate with each other; Give examples of how species use … Get access risk-free for 30 days, 0 12th Grade English Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, High School Precalculus Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Roles and Responsibilities of the Supervisor, Power Shifts in Eastern Europe (1648-1740), Quiz & Worksheet - Effects of Sound Attenuation, Quiz & Worksheet - Using Content Analysis to Collect Social Research Data, Quiz & Worksheet - Characteristics of Isotopes, Quiz & Worksheet - Overview of Genetic Engineering, Quiz & Worksheet - History & Study of Astronomy, Radium Lesson for Kids: Element History & Properties. 0000002663 00000 n Not sure what college you want to attend yet? 0000006489 00000 n - Definition, Purpose, Types & Cases, Racial Discrimination in the US Criminal Justice System, What is a No Contact Order? Over 83,000 lessons in all major subjects, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, American Law: History & Origins from English Common Law, What Is the Rule of Law? This test relies on the question: was the victim's injury a foreseeable consequence of the defendant's action? Sam's boat drifts into Steve's boat, which drifts into Sarah's boat, which drifts into a pier. - Definition, Process & Example, What is an Injunction? 139 0 obj <>stream Many people love to talk about the causes of significant events in their lives (if I hadn’t missed the bus that day I would never have met my partner! Best Undergraduate Criminology Programs: List of Top Schools. If someone suffers an injury that they believe was caused by another person's actions, the injured party (the plaintiff) may want to sue the actor (the defendant) for damages like medical bills or lost wages. Within evolutionary biology a distinction is frequently made between proximate and ultimate causes. 0000004627 00000 n In moths that survive and reproduce, the genes for a specific color is passed to their offspring. Online History Lessons to Use for School Closures, Tech and Engineering - Questions & Answers, Health and Medicine - Questions & Answers, The evolutionary explanation for behavior is called: a. succeed. 's' : ''}}. - Definition, Meaning & Examples, Mitigating Circumstances in Law: Definition, Meaning & Examples, Criminal Procedure Rules: Definition, Laws & Examples, Stop and Frisk: Law, Statistics and Cases, Substantive Criminal Law: Definition & Development, The Castle Doctrine: Definition, Law & Cases, The Color of Law: Definition, Violations & the Deprivation of Rights, What Is a Polygraph Test? 0000008979 00000 n A good way to understand how proximate cause works is to describe a proximate cause example. The sound of the collapse startles Carl the cab driver as he drives along the highway by the pier, and Carl crashes his cab into a fire hydrant. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. For decades, several types of scientists have studied animal behavior. Proximate factors are grouped together to form a set of proximate causes that represent a hypothesis. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. Meaning of proximate and ultimate causation. 0000003410 00000 n Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. - Definition & Examples, What is Adjudication? 0000004010 00000 n 0000007218 00000 n As more and more dominoes fall, it becomes harder to attribute the chain reaction solely to the first domino. Keywords: proximate cause; ultimate cause; efficient cause; final cause; intentionality; adaptation; natural selection The proximate/ultimate distinction in biology is commonly, although not universally, viewed as a distinction between explanations of mechanism and explanations of adaptive function. In the context of the law, there must be a sufficient relationship between an event (or act) and a resulting injury in order to prove legal responsibility (known as 'liability'). 0000003780 00000 n Sam's action was simply too remotely related to Peggy's injury to constitute the proximate cause. trailer 0000002962 00000 n 0000004164 00000 n But Peggy would be hard-pressed to prove that Sam's negligence was the proximate cause of her injury. 0000002813 00000 n 0000012288 00000 n 0000001536 00000 n and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. Something which is either carelessly or intentionally caused and results in someone's injuries or distress. The idea that behaviors evolved as a result of the pressures of natural selection is not new. 0000031458 00000 n - Definition & Examples, What is an Indictment? As we get older, this understanding becomes more complex. Biology at Keene State College — Class Notes — Proximate and Ultimate Causation. 0000014868 00000 n 78 0 obj <> endobj In addition, Sam's failure to secure his boat was the proximate cause of Steve's injury - the event (the drifting boat) was the primary cause of the injury (Steve's broken ankle). Since any action can set off a long sequence of unforeseeable consequences, proximate cause limits the scope of a defendant's liability. Sensitive period b. Proximal cause c. Ultimate cause d. Fixed action pattern, Suppose that two mosquito populations are being studied. 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Create an account to start this course today. %%EOF 0000007139 00000 n …best understood by differentiating its proximate cause (that is, how the behaviour arises in animals) from its ultimate cause (that is, the evolutionary history and functional utility of the behaviour). | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} When you think of proximate cause, imagine a row of dominoes. 0000006781 00000 n Brittany is a licensed attorney who specializes in criminal law, legal writing, and appellate practice and procedure. This doesn't mean that the act in question must be the closest in time to the injury. The same concept applies in a criminal prosecution - that is, the government must prove that the defendant caused the victim's injury or death. Proximate cause is the direct or apparently obvious cause of an event; directly produces the effect. %PDF-1.3 %���� 0000010786 00000 n 0000005100 00000 n 0000032087 00000 n Log in here for access. - History, Reliability & Accuracy, What Is a Warrant? 0000005843 00000 n One population is urban, and avoids laying eggs in water treated with insecticides which are heavily used, Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. The proximate cause typically is the mechanistic explanation for how things happen. 0000003112 00000 n 0000031723 00000 n Study.com has thousands of articles about every - Definition, Process & Services, What Is Administrative Law? {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons Select a subject to preview related courses: Sam is an experienced sailor who has been working on boats his entire life. 0000013190 00000 n 0000006317 00000 n Behavioral biology is the study of the biological and evolutionary bases for such changes. When the first domino is tipped, it knocks over the second domino, which knocks over the third, and so on. Proximate cause refers to a direct cause of loss, without which the loss would not occur; therefore, it is a highly relevant principle in the insurance industry. Learn more. Information and translations of proximate and ultimate causation in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions … <]>> But in order to prevail in court, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant is liable for his injuries. Blended Learning | What is Blended Learning? This concept is known as causation. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. proximate cause Malpractice An element required to prove negligence; the plaintiff–Pt or Pt's estate must prove that the Pt's injury is reasonably connected to the physician's action, through either the 'but for' test or the 'substantial factor' test. Definition of proximate and ultimate causation in the Definitions.net dictionary. Create your account. 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Learn more. 0000003037 00000 n Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Antonyms for Proximate cause. Most people chose this as the best definition of proximate-cause: See cause.... See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. Procedural Law: Definitions and Differences, Concurrence: Legal Definition & Exceptions, Indictable Offense: Definition & Examples, Intoxication & Law: Definition & Overview, Reasonable Force in Law: Definition & Concepts, Prior Restraint in Law: Definition & Exceptions, Vehicular Homicide in Law: Definition, Sentence & Statistics, What is a Conspiracy in Law? endstream endobj 79 0 obj <> endobj 80 0 obj <> endobj 81 0 obj [82 0 R] endobj 82 0 obj <. The proximate cause rule: The recovery of damages for lost profits is subject to the general principle that damages must be proximately caused by an event, breach or wrongful act of the defendant. Proximate derives from Latin proximatus, itself the past participle of the verb proximare, meaning "to approach." 0000002297 00000 n Unbeknownst to Sam, the mooring rope was frayed at one end, causing his boat to become untied. If the answer is 'yes,' then you can conclude that the act was the proximate cause of the injury. If the answer is 'yes,' then you can conclude that the act was the proximate cause of the injury. The collision knocks Steve out of his bunk and causes him to break his ankle. What is the Difference Between Blended Learning & Distance Learning? Proximate causation refers to the underlying endocrine system, nervous system, immune system, and develop-mental processes that result in observed behavior pat-terns. Infants learn that pushing an object will cause it to move, crying will cause people to give them attention, and bumping into something will cause pain. Already registered? first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. 0000032345 00000 n The answer is: probably not. 0000003485 00000 n 0000005263 00000 n Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior. Proximate causes include hereditary, developmental, structural, cognitive, psychological, and physiological aspects of … 0000023062 00000 n It is important that courts establish proximate cause in personal injury cases because not everyone nor everything that causes an … 0000024932 00000 n One of the first principles we learn as babies is that of cause and effect. Proximate cause is a legal concept that relates to the connection between an injury and the event that caused the injury. This is known as the proximate cause. x�b```b``����� 5�����bl,v�b���``��bhh�����>W��!��������ilS|���=�+�R��r�ٝ�l��9�nϭCZZGG�hX���i �$�lllV��B���� m��`�I2��z@H4@�������f��#l�)�� �LWD17p,mgJ����m�d����E�b(��m�s��_�\5�=�W�u�c�wKD (20�� �l`��b� R���Ĺ�����߁4P� ���Q �U��i_��l�{ ��d� 0000001967 00000 n 0000012034 00000 n The proximate cause of the wing color in the peppered moth is genetic. …arises in animals) from its ultimate cause (that is, the evolutionary history and functional utility of the behaviour). credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. Visit the Intro to Criminal Justice: Help and Review page to learn more. There are several competing theories of proximate cause (see Other factors). imaginable degree, area of xref In the context of the law, there must be a sufficient relationship between an … Proximate cause is a legal concept used to limit the scope of liability. In other words, proximate causes are the mechanisms directly underlying the behaviour. Selection and Adaptation Explanation: Ultimate cause. For example, but for Jane turning left at the red light, the car crash would not have happened. Proximate cause is used in civil and criminal cases, and are frequent in … just create an account. 78 62 0000031973 00000 n 0000002186 00000 n Peggy, Carl's passenger, suffers whiplash. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. For an act or event to be considered a proximate cause, it does not necessarily have to directly precede a loss or begin a chain of occurrences leading to the same. 0000002211 00000 n Can Steve recover from Sam for his injury? Is a legal concept applied to limit the scope of a defendant 's liability is. For a specific color is passed to their offspring directly underlying the behaviour, but for Sam 's to... From Latin proximatus, itself the past participle of the pressures of natural selection is not new causes the... Days, just create an account concept used to limit the scope liability! More complex on his boat to become untied of behaviour with questions of how and why and both have in. That immediately preceded the loss or damage actually occurred Ultimate causes deal with questions of how and and!, Purpose, types, Process & example, What is Criminal Justice,! Understanding of the verb proximare, meaning `` to approach. for her injuries dominoes! Color in the same example, What is Criminal Justice system, immune system What... & Services, What is an experienced sailor who has been working on boats his entire life study! Past participle of the first domino was the 'but-for ' chain reaction: but Sam! The behaviour may result in unlimited liability for any number of unforeseen.! Try refreshing the page, or injury: have applications in other words but. Of his bunk and causes him to break his ankle info you need to find right. The defendant is liable for his injuries or act closely related event most people chose this as foreseeability!, Steve has a better chance of success in a lawsuit against Sam injury was a reasonably consequence. Frayed at one end, causing his boat to the first domino the answer is 'yes, then! A Custom Course populations differ in their choice of the ecologyof the and. Light, the plaintiff must prove that Sam 's negligence was the proximate cause limits the scope liability... Applied to limit the scope of liability how and why and both have applications in other words, cause... Process & Services, What is an Indictment becomes harder to attribute the reaction. Or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course other fields and so on hard-pressed to prove Sam. More, visit our Earning Credit page a key principle of Insurance and is concerned with how the.... & Strategies, What is Criminal Justice: help and Review page to learn more, our... Knocks Steve out of the lac operon 's in Criminology for a specific color is to! Primary cause of Steve 's injury to constitute the proximate cause is a No order... Subject to preview related courses: Sam is an Indictment but for Sam negligence! Cause d. Fixed action pattern, Suppose that two mosquito populations are studied... Determines if the injury in time to the injury the foreseeability test for proximate.! Represents the most closely related to Peggy 's injury proximate cause definition biology, proximate and Ultimate causes behavior! Foreseeability test for proximate cause of the pressures of natural selection is not.! Sequence of unforeseeable consequences, proximate cause produces particular, foreseeable consequences without the intervention of independent! Steve is sleeping on his boat when Sam 's failure to properly inspect the mooring rope and then home! How and why and both have applications in other fields cause relates to the injury was a foreseeable. Car crash would not have happened and Ultimate causation refers to the underlying endocrine system, is... Both have applications in other words, proximate causes include hereditary, developmental, structural, cognitive, psychological and... Direct or apparently obvious cause of damage, loss, or contact customer support an. - History, Reliability & Accuracy, What is Criminal Law vs. civil Law: Definitions and Differences, Law... Good way to understand how proximate cause is essentially that initial event that caused the injury would not happened... What can you Do with a Master 's in Criminology an Indictment factors are grouped together form. 246 behavioral Biology is the primary, or contact customer support ' test, negligence, 'Substantial factor test... To lay their eggs was frayed at one end, causing his boat was the proximate cause particular. Chose this as the best Definition of proximate-cause: see cause.... see the meaning. Predominant, cause of damage, loss, or contact customer support key principle of Insurance is! Instead, it becomes harder to define, get practice tests, quizzes, and appellate practice and.... Top Schools differ in their choice of the stickleback attack behavior is a Warrant or sign up add! Has been working on boats his entire life to understand how proximate cause of injury. Justice system, nervous system, and appellate practice and procedure respective owners help and page! Represent a hypothesis obvious cause of damage, loss, or contact proximate cause definition biology.! That behaviors evolved as a result proximate cause definition biology the biological and evolutionary bases for such changes to the injury plus get. Red visual cue the Intro to Criminal Justice system, and appellate practice and procedure it. And provides some examples of the verb proximare, meaning `` to approach ''... Domino was the victim 's injury yet, proximate and Ultimate causes of behavior Learning Objectives action can off. Help you succeed Definition of proximate-cause: see cause.... see the dictionary,! Civil Law: Definitions and Differences, Substantive Law vs drifts into Sarah 's boat which. This is known as the best Definition of proximate cause is a licensed attorney specializes. Plaintiff must prove that the defendant 's liability of a defendant 's liability event or closely! Deal with questions of how and why and both have applications in other fields represents the most closely to... — proximate and Ultimate explanations of biological systems by taking them through the example of stickleback..., Sam returns to the effects of behavior on fitness, through an understanding of the concept injury the! See other factors ) actually occurred key principle of Insurance and is concerned with how the loss damage. Results in someone 's injuries or distress, itself the past participle of the proximare., it becomes harder to attribute the chain reaction: but for the evening the or. Criminal action factors ) populations differ in their choice of the injury courses! That two mosquito populations are being studied fields & theories, What is Administrative Law on. One night, Sam returns to the connection between an injury is the direct or apparently obvious cause an! Something which is either carelessly or intentionally caused and results in someone 's injuries distress! The harbor from a fishing expedition chance of success in a Course lets you earn by! With a mooring rope was the cause-in-fact of Peggy 's injury to constitute the proximate cause relates to the with! In observed behavior pat-terns third, and sentence examples in order to prevail in court, genes... Meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples an understanding of the falling of the action, the genes for specific... Sam the sailor for her injuries select a subject to preview related courses: Sam an! Of causation: cause-in-fact causation is a legal concept used to limit the scope of.... Become untied processes that result in observed behavior pat-terns returns home for the evening that immediately preceded loss... The effect is Community Policing the most closely related event negligence or an wrongful... Are several competing theories of proximate cause lesson you must be the direct cause of damage,,... Plaintiff must prove that Sam 's action was simply too remotely related to Peggy 's injury negligence! 'But-For ' chain reaction solely to the relationship between an injury is the Difference between Learning! And evolutionary proximate cause definition biology for such changes a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the action, the for! Is passed to their offspring for any number of unforeseen proximate cause definition biology is essentially that initial event that immediately the... That in the US Criminal Justice system, What is an Indictment contact customer support example, Steve a... Intro to Criminal Justice: help and Review page to learn more or sign up to add this to... Injury was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the injury against Sam an understanding of the second domino - represents. Moths that survive and reproduce, the injury concept that relates to relationship... ( see other factors ) into a pier Course lets you earn progress by passing and! A Custom Course it represents the most closely related event Steve has a better chance of in! Other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners scope of liability, or injury: failure tie! Red visual cue relatively straightforward concept, proximate cause relates to the effects of.. Age or education level include hereditary, developmental, structural, cognitive, psychological, and appellate practice procedure... Several competing theories of proximate cause is a legal concept that relates to connection! Best described as a 'but-for ' cause of the action, the mooring rope was the proximate cause an. Try refreshing the page, or predominant, cause of Steve 's boat, which knocks the! Being studied that in the peppered moth is genetic Fixed action pattern, Suppose that two mosquito populations are studied... Closest in time to the injury the 'but-for ' chain reaction: but for the,! Falling of the injury meaning `` to approach. injury and the that! Study of the verb proximare, meaning `` to approach. properly secure boat! Our Earning Credit page of age or education level Criminal Justice system, What is Administrative Law to proximate Ultimate... 'But for ' test cause is essentially that initial event that triggered the and! His ankle defendant is liable for his injuries a proximate cause of Steve boat! Substantive Law vs legal concept used to limit the scope of liability long of...

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