chromolaena odorata toxicity

Figure 7. The aqueous leaf extract was administered three times per week, for 90 days at doses of 161.5mg/kg, 32 3mg/kg, Behavioral Characteristics of the Experimental Fish, The behavioral responses of the tested fish to the toxicant at different concentrations were observed and recorded (Table 1). Toxicity Bioassay (Mortality Response). This may be due to their protection adaptation and the hardy nature of Clarias gariepinus. farnidah hj jasnie . Figure 15. endstream endobj 14 0 obj <> endobj 15 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> endobj 16 0 obj <>stream %PDF-1.5 %�� A serious problem in sub-Saharan slash-and-burn agriculture is Chromolaena odorata, which often dominates the weed flora in open, cultivated fields and in young fallows. university of malaya . Nitric oxide scavenging ability of ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata (Linn.). Records of Probit kills for Chromolaena odorata leaf extracts on juvenile Clarias gariepinus. C. odorata seeds have higher germination rates when they are exposed to light on the soil surface. Figure 2. Because of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth understanding of the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative. Figure 8. A consistent trend was generally observed in the mortality rate which increases with increase in the concentration of the Chromoleana odorata extracts at the early stage (the first 1 - 3 hours of toxicants introduction), all the fishes survive initial attack. But death becomes inevitable even at lower concentrations during 72 - 96 hours exposure. Recent research has shown the plant is larvicidal against all major mosquito vectors. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill showing primary and secondary gill filament with normal depth between gill structure (M ×400). Threshold for C. gariepinus juveniles exposed to Chromolaena odorata aqueous concentration. C. ODORATA IN LIVESTOCK FEEDING Information on the use of C.O. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. From the results of this study, it can be deduced that Chromoleana odorata has significant toxic effect on the gills and liver of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. RBC The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 100 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hrs showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature (M ×400). This might be as a result of the widespread speculation about its toxicity to animals and the offending nature of its odour. These factors therefore present . Keywords: Acute toxicity, sub-chronic toxicity, Chromolaena odorata INTRODUCTION Chromolaena odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum (Fam. Clarias gariepinus. 13 0 obj <> endobj This examination means to decide the impact of ethanol concentrates of C. odorata (ECO), sodium thiosulphate and a mix of both on he-matological parameters and blood lipid profile of rodents presented to potassium cyanide. ) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature with severe breakage due to rupture ( Chromolaena odorata parts have been used in African folk medicine for varieties of ailments including dysentery, malaria, toothache, diarrhoea, fever, skin … The acute toxicity procedure started with a Range Finding Test, which was conducted for 96-hour period to determine the concentration at which Chromoleana odorata extracts was lethal to the fish. Chromolaena odorata (family; Astereaceae) is a flowering shrub that is considered as one of the world’s worst weeds . 1. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the hepatic effects of Chromolaena odorata and its acute toxicity to Clarias gariepinus in order to ascertain their level of tolerance and their suitability as bio-indicator in freshwater ecosystem. Chromolaena odorata, also known as devil weed, is a state-listed noxious weed, toxic to other plants, livestock and humans, possesses the ability to root vegetatively, produces up to 800,000 wind-dispersed seeds a year and is a fire promoting species … At 0 mg/l concentration (control), the primary and secondary gill filament with normal depth between gill structures were observed. Afr J Biochem Res 2(7):147. Evaluation of Enzymatic Changes in Sublethal Cyanide Poisoning Wistar Rats Treated with Chromolaena odorata (Linn.) This is in agreement with the work of [14] who reported that environmental factors, such as pH, turbidity, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and conductivity are influenced by the rate of pollutants entering the water, with some lethal effects on the aquatic organisms. %%EOF Chromolaena odorata has been found to be poisonous to livestock as it has high level of nitrates in the leaves and young shoots. Acute toxicity was done on albino Wistar rats using the Lorke method while brine shrimps were used to test for cytotoxicity. �a)�i��iN��/sN��c��i>�NX8lɎh:�pJ�i��!�eF��U�/a�s�a��o��.��a��}�mo��oi�n_Cg��t�7��ʶ1�|�,�1��%�Gq_Zzo�� *�1��8W��S�S�Z��H7q�t=��n��mX�^��l�Q-�Y�c�y��q��>5+��Y�P�-�_�^\�_&V��7on�^߼��t}��~u}w��1ڄ�?��v�2�w?��oWK�H�ۇ��Գg Borehole (dechlorinated) water was used during acclimatization, control tests and in the making of various concentrations of test media. The fish was transported to the laboratory where it was acclimatized for fourteen days inside four circular tanks of 25 liters capacity and all were covered with netting material 0.2 mesh sizes to prevent escape of fish. An Academic Publisher, Toxicological Assessment of Chromoleana odorata on Clarias gariepinus Juveniles (). Figure 3. Each test concentration was converted into a logarithm and the corresponding percentage mortality was transformed into probit [10] . Chromolaena odorata (family; Astereaceae) is a flower-ing shrub that is considered as one of the world’s worst weeds [9]. h�b```�$��,.q0km:��DR��_xX��Y�HZ]9��a#|��a5X��a��f�� i}4 A high mortality From the stock solution, ten-fold serial dilution was prepared out of a standard concentration. Chromolaena odorata 2 Toxicity Chromolaena odorata contains carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. h��Zko\��+��n�h�"1�A>(�`�%CR��w�\wx��|��6��1| 9te2��M~�f��z'�&m��\�;L.3Q�+�M��J.��S0�~�)�D��mE�=)v��)�)��'�K�ʅ0�B�Hu.�N!M�P搧��/Su��u��~G3՘3)��I��SM�T��@u��A�g��u5�Dh��z媙��n��Ô�߽��w��_��S.�M�W.��(�^��/?^�^_��?�~��Ǐ��7�o�}��Ǉ��J޽��+.��?=��Zb~��L��%��X{��` is now widely accepted. It can also cause allergic reactions. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill showing normal primary and deformed Secondary lamella gill tissue (NPDSL) at 100 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hours (M ×400). Parameters observed toxicity is LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days of observation including changes in weight, the volume of water consumption, and the … The genus Chromolaena includes 1,200 species of small herbs, shrubs or subshrubs distributed chiefly in the Americas, a few in Europe, Asia, and tropical Africa (54,55,67,69,70). rupture blood cells in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur in livestock nutrition is very scanty. Table 2 shows the percentage cumulative mortality of toxicity of Chromolaena odorata to juvenile of Clarias gariepinus. Chromolaena odorata, a commonly used traditional remedy for different ailments, believed to be quite safe in terms of toxicity was evaluated for acute toxicity and cytotoxic potentials. Feeding was discontinued 24 hours prior to the commencement of the toxicity tests in order to minimize the production of wastes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). leaves extract increased, compared to the control test medium. ڕ�� 0L &M2b0X�5�A��l��Xy�8�|�4ل�a>�|tE�#~)ҹ��)E"�X'��@>��^�e7�?Zds� �m�BƗ8r�(��.6�c��.�T1@c�$�Y�!��voa�E�e��Z�^��f�� W� U@wΡ ��o�e��s�u�#��h �� 0�C�8�=�H̩:I\PKib��z��B�:�Cm��YK{B�=U�[�J�q�P�SKupfj��p]��h}�Yr��W�Nhl�y��5�8f��ny��C]�c�G�L��yL��yr�F��F�5��Li��#��7�/n��\o�I��5rL�:��@�m��LL]�Ti�̦]t�V�y��g�7��X��p�. They were calm for up to 5 minutes, thereafter erratic movement, discoloration, hyperventilation, changes in behavior and loss of reflex were observed. Hence the result of the research will provide a meaningful guide to aquaculturist to protect and guide this aquatic organism and the survival rate of fish production. increasing vasculation, total fusion of gill filament lamella and filament 2*Department of Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria. However, gill showing gradual deformation of primary and secondary gill filament (GDPSGF) with varying depth between gill primary filaments, deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), total disintegrated gill filament (TDGF), total fussion gill filament lamella (TFGF) and increasing Vasculation (IV) were observed at 150 mg/l concentration of 24 and 96 hours exposure. ambient room temperature. h�bbd``b`�$S@��@/�X"� �Ll�@:� ��rL�s�,�AE�g|� � �$] out to investigate the toxicity effects of exposure of aqueous extract of The fish were weighed using electronic sensitive weighing balance scale (OHAUS) model (No4002) to determine the average weight of the experimental fish and a meter rule was used to measure the lengths of the fish (with a mean length of (12.40 ± 2.46) and weight of (8.26 ± 1.26)). Mean values of the water temperature were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract. Itâs also showing normal or moderate vacuolization (NMV) (M ×400). after 24 hrs exposure showing the deformation of gill tissue with overlapping of secondary lamella (OSL and FSL) and disintegration of epithelial tissue (DET) leading to diffuse mass of the gill lamella due to rapid cell lysis (RCL), gill clugging (GC) and gill structure disruption (GSD) (M ×400). leaves extract increased. Flavonoid glycosides from Chromolaena odorata leaves and their in vitro cytotoxic activity. The Bioassay Experiment (Exploratory Test). Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(6):632. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 250 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature with severe breakage due to rupture (CBR) (M ×400). Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and treatments for various human illnesses. C. odorata is recognized as one of the world worst tropical weeds that proliferate at a … 0 (2018) Toxicological Assessment of. ), Monocarpia marginalis (Scheff.) ��i#ќ'��,�uH Mortality in the three replicate of C. odorata leave extract concentrations at 96 hours period varied significantly (P < 0.05) in all the treatments and increased with increase in concentration. june 2009 As a rule, a toxicity test is valid if control mortality was less than 10% [9] . However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media significantly (P < 0.05) increased as the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract increased, compared to the control test. dissertation submitted in fulfilment . The weighed sample was soaked in 1000 ml of distilled water in a 2000 ml conical flask and swirled. Chromolaena odorata has Figure 17. Figure 1. The Chromolaena odorata leave has a histological effect correlation with exposure time from 24 - 96 hours, even at 50 mg/l concentration were observed to be lethal to the experimental Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Damage became severe with increasing concentration in C. However, the values of Ammonia in the exposed media The fish was fed to apparent saturation twice daily (8 am and 4 pm) with commercial pelleted fish feed during acclimatization period [4] . The physical reactions observed in the fish were: erratic swimming, gasping for The microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus shows normal liver cells (NLC) with moderate vascuolation (MV) at 0 mg/l concentration. J. Sinclair, and Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. But at 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ml/l concentration at 24 and 96 hours, the microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus liver showed hepatocellular alteration (HCA) and pre-neoplastic lesion due to induced cell alteration as a result of uncontrolled cell division, rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels, increase in hepatocyte disintegration (IHCD) and vascuolation (V) were observed (Figures 11-17). A study was carried CBR 27 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<5AB0FABDA798934CAF33738828D15DD7><5AB0FABDA798934CAF33738828D15DD7>]/Index[13 46]/Info 12 0 R/Length 75/Prev 46831/Root 14 0 R/Size 59/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 3.2. worldwide, where only Chromolaena odorata has acute toxicity studies [23, 24]. for the degree of master of science . Chromolaena odorata has been found to be poisonous to livestock as it has high level of nitrates in the leaves and young shoots. Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water Monitored during the Experiment. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 150 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing rupture blood cells ( Figure 14. 58 0 obj <>stream Because of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata, an in-depth understanding of the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata is considered imperative. Static bioassay techniques [7] were employed in the determination of acute toxicity of Chromoleana odorata extracts on juvenile catfish. Chromolaena odorata. Table 2. The experiment lasted for four (4) days (96 hours) and observations were recorded within 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs and 96 hrs respectively. Chromolaena odorata contains carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. 2.1. Fish is usually affected by toxicant in aquatic environment. Ogbonne, F. , Chidi, N. and Roseline, U. Google Scholar; Alshannaq A, Yu JH. Table 4. Asteraceae) is a fast growing perennial weed found mostly in farmlands. lamella due to rapid cell lysis, gill clogging and gill structure disruption. Figure 16. Article history: To evaluate the toxicological implications of the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata. From the flowers of Chromolaena odorata (Eupatorium odoratum) four flavanones, isosakuranetin (5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavanone) ( 1), ... whereas compound8 exhibited moderate toxicity against NCI-H187 cells and week toxicity against human breast cancer (BC) cells with the MIC values of 19.2 and 38.4 μM respectively. Asteraceae) in rats 1Ogbonnia S. O, *2Mbaka G. O, 3Anyika E. N, 1Osegbo O. M and 4Igbokwe N. H Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill at 50 ml/l conc. Chromolaena odorata is considered to be a significant economic and ecological burden to many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where it impacts negatively on agriculture, biodiversity and livelihoods [2] . Behavioral responses of Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs of exposure to C. odorata. After fourteen days of acclimatization of the experimental fish, the juveniles fish were randomly distributed into 6 treatments each of these consist of T1 (50 ml), T2 (100 ml), T3 (150 ml), T4 (200 ml), T5 (250 ml) and T6 (0.00 ml) (control) for the aqueous extract. It is not habitat specific; however it grows commonly in wastelands [15]. Figure 6. The mortality rate of the fish increases with increase in the concentration and exposure time. ← Return to Article Details Effects of Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata) Leaf Extract on Crude Oil-induced Toxicity Chromolaena Odorata increased at the same dose levels. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 200 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hours showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL) and increasing vasculation (IV) (M ×400). The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 200 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL) and total disintegrated gill filament (TDGF), total fussion of gill filament lamella (TFGF) and increasing Vasculation (IV) (M ×400). significantly (P < 0.05) de-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 250 ml/l conc. of 24 hours and 96 hours exposure. length variation. Iiu�4�9��N! Chromolaena odorata leave on gill/liver (histological) of juveniles catfish biological activities and chemical constituents of chromolaena odorata (l.) king & robinson . Determination of Physico-Chemical Parameters. exploiting the insecticidal potential of the invasive siam weed, chromolaena odorata l. (asteraceae) in the management of major pests of cabbage, brassica oleracea var capitata and their natural enemies for enhanced yield in the moist semi- deciduous agro- ecological zone of ghana by godfred nwosu ezena 10397344 this thesis is submitted to the university of ghana, legon in faculty of science . At 200 and 250 mg/l concentration of 24 and 96 hours exposure, gill showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), decreased primary lamella (DPL), increased Vasculation (IV), deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with raptured gill lamella (RGL) and total disintegrated gill filament (TDGF) were recorded. The concentration of the exploratory test of C. odorata leaf extracts used were 0 ml/l, 50 ml/l, 100 ml/l, 150 ml/l, 200 ml/l and 250 ml/l of distilled water each. Finally, this research has actually shown that chromolaena odorata leave is very toxic to Clarias gariepinus. of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing deformed primary and secondary lamella (DPSL) with disintegrated gill filament (DGF), decreased primary lamella (DPL), increasing Vasculation (IV) and filament length variation (FLV) (M ×400). Figure 11. Materials and Methods Plant Material At 7 - 24 hours of exposure the fish sustained injuries on the process of struggling to survive the attack which results in the death of 10% within the highest concentration. A research on the acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of leaves kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H.Rob). liver hepatocellular alteration and increase in hepatocyte disintegration, specimen with average initial weight of 12.40 Â± 2.46 cm (mean total length) and Author information: (1)College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea. The Probit mortality Table 4 shows the mortality and time for 50% mortality (LC50). References [1] "Chromolaena odorata" (http:/ Hung TM(1), Cuong TD, Dang NH, Zhu S, Long PQ, Komatsu K, Min BS. kuala lumpur . J. Sinclair, and Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. [4] Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, India. The fish exhibited an erratic swimming behavior at different concentrations of the toxicants exposure, and it is in agreement with the work of [15] who reported abnormal behavior and death of Clarias gariepinus juveniles exposed at different concentrations of aqueous extracts of Parkia biglobosa Pods. The dry leaves were milled completely into fine powdered form by grinding using grinding machine (grinding hammer mill, model (160 kw). )��Hj��6�K��9��٬ƋM��Y�{4�.�� I��D��)$�f�� *�J��A�X�T)i��2�[�8K�)jM�p3�ޗ��ۄ��q�F:03!r�gA��sII��=D��Y�T�ȶ`G�� pronounced at high concentration and exposure time. The fish were. The experiment was conducted under standard static bioassay procedure which involves carefully controlled environmental condition as to define the responses of the test organism to Chromolaena odorata leave extract. a|�CLJ�.,��L��* 200 healthy juveniles catfish Clarias gariepinus At 50 mg/l concentration, deformation of gill tissue with overlapping of secondary lamella (OSL) and disintegration of epithelial tissue (DET) leading to diffuse mass of the gill lamella due to rapid cell lysis (RCL), gill clugging (GC) and gill structure disruption (GSD) were observed. Dead fish were removed immediately to avoid pollution. Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Chromolaena Odorata. The median lethal toxicity (LC50), were determined according to the method described by [11] . Following its introduction into West Africa in 1937 and to South Africa in 1947 [21–23], the plant has spread to different parts of the continent. Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson, native to the Americas, is an herbaceous perennial flowering shrub belonging to the Asteraceae family [20]. Preparation of the Aqueous (Plant) Leaves Extract. Table 1. Deformed primary and secondary lamella with dis-integrated gill filament, The absence of exhibition of observable toxicity below 538.5mg/kg To evaluate the toxicological implications of the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the different extracts (aqueous, ethanol and blended mixture) of Chromolaena odorata leaves on Wistar rats feed with crude petroleum (CP) tainted feed (4 ml/100 g diet). Names of Chromolaena Odorata in various languages of the world are also given. The experiment has 6 treatments and three replicates each with 30 fish per treatment using completely randomized design (CRD) as the experimental design, The test groups were given different concentrations of 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l, 150 mg/l, 200 mg/l, 250 mg/l and 0.0 mg/l of chromoleana odorata leaf extracts as the control. Further observations were carried out for outer changes on the fish body during the experiment. disintegration of epithelial tissue lead-ing to diffuse mass of the gill Two biotypes are present in Africa, possesses most of these qualities, some of which are responsible for its success as an invasive plant in new environments. Control test were typically conducted by placing the organisms in dechlorinated borehole water with no toxicant. ... At harvest, T. triangulare did not show any toxicity symptoms as the plants were observed to increase in biomass over the period of this study. significantly (P < 0.05) in-creased as the concentrations of C. odorata Therefore, it is advisable for fishermen and aquaculturist who uses Chromolaena odorata as feedstuff to stop using Chromolaena odorata leave either in catching fish from the wild or eradication of unwanted animal in the pond. Standard method for bioassay as described by [4] was used. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus liver exposed at 50 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hrs showing hepatocellular alteration (HCA) and pre-neoplastic lesion due to induced cell alteration as a result of uncontrolled cell division. 6sְI�V`�%��I��I�L�l�;�/n?��s��T��ӜҐ� %��!-�T@��l6iד�^��=�v Ua��GyeUi �\)~/W�R�_#�*��U m��(%@Ji��>�ap��i��@ZP�i/��9�@R��nK$u 2011;59(1):129-31. Figure 9. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the acute toxicity of the leaf and flower extract of Chromolaena perglabra (B.L. Figure 10. Chromolaena odorata has long been referred to as Eupatorium odoratum. A serious problem in sub-Saharan slash-and-burn agriculture is Chromolaena odorata, which often dominates the weed flora in open, cultivated fields and in young fallows. The aqueous leaf extract was administered three times per week, for 90 days at doses of 161.5mg/kg, 32 3mg/kg, 538,5mg/kg and 1077mg/kg body weight, respectively. Control is an essential part of toxicity test and was done to ascertain if the mortality of organisms were due to the toxicant or some other factors. Freshly matured Chromoleana odorata leaves after collection were air-dried at ambient temperature for seven days at mean temperature of 30ËC. �`��t��"ڌo�O�9��^��y�-�v�5;:l�8�s��G��g6Z�8��w�6ch!11_)�OHf��ckƕ�l��(G{�< �QRk�L�Ġ�� The treatments were replicated with 10 juvenile fish each for the 6 treatments in 18 plastic bowls of 25 liters capacity volume, filled with 10 liters of water respectively. The chemical constituents and toxicity content of three aromatic plant species, Syzygium polyanthum Wight (Walp. A research on the acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of leaves kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H.Rob).Parameters observed toxicity is LD50 and delayed toxic effects for 14 days of observation including changes in weight, the volume of water consumption, and the relative weight of the organs of the heart, liver, kidneys, stomach and lungs. C. odorata seeds have higher germination rates when they are exposed to light on the soil surface. 2.5. After 48 hours, with interval stirring, the mixture was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper [5] into a clean beaker, the extract obtained was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 minute and the supernatant stored in an air-tight bottle at room temperature. 2017. King & H. Rob. rate was recorded, the histologi-cal conditions on gill and liver includes the The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 150 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 24 hours showing gradual deformation of primary and secondary gill filament with varying depth between gill primary filament (M ×400). as a potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil. The microphotograph of Clarias gariepinus gill exposed at 250 ml/l conc. confirmed dead when stimulus could not respond to any touch. The method used is phytochemical screening by using appropriate chemical detection reagents and The tested fish showed increase in weakness, motionless and gasping for air with slow opercula movement as the concentration level of Chromolaena odorata extracts increases with duration of exposure. The changes in the water parameters during and after test were as a result of the toxicant that was introduced into the water. Copyright © 2020 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Leaf kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata L. King & H.E Robins) family asteraceae empirically used as a wound and sore throat by Aceh residance, but scientific information about the effects of toxicity on cells has not been informed. The experimental fish were exposed to the extracts for up to 24 hr during which behaviors and time for mortality were monitored and recorded. ) (M ×400). Figure 4. This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical profile, acute and subchronic toxicity of C. ordorata leaves extract in rodents used in folk medicine in the treatment of various diseases. 100 grams of the fine powdered C. odorata was weighed using a sensitive balance. Occurrence, toxicity, and analysis of major mycotoxins in food. Different concentration of the leaf extracts was taken from the stock solution and tested on the experimental fish for the acute toxicity test [8] . Comprehensive analyses of the four important physico-chemical parameters (Dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and ammonia) were carried out using LaMotte® Freshwater Aquaculture Test Kit. The microphotograph of the fish gill exposed at 100 ml/l concentration of C. odorata after 96 hours showing overlapping and deformed primary and secondary gill structure (ODPS) with raptured gill lamella (RGL), chronic deformation (CD) and epithelial lifting and increased vascuolation (ELIV) (M ×400). Robinson) King & H. Rob in female ICR-CD1 mice. The water was chemically and biologically certified before it was used for toxicity test and the chemical criteria include low or undetectable levels of priority pollutants [6] . C. odorata Figure 13. AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of dichloromethane, methanol (1:1) extracts of Chromolaena odorata, Tithonia diversifolia and Lawsonia inermis in combination and evaluate their safety using acute limit toxicity test. In order to maintain a more constant concentration of test media to which test fish were exposed, before the introduction of the experimental fish to the toxicant for the bioassay test, the same volume of the extracts to be used were removed from the volume of the water and replaced with the extracts. Scientific Research It is toxic to cattle. 3.1. At 24 - 96 hours of fish exposure to the toxicants, the microphotoscopy of Clarias gariepinus gills and liver revealed rupture blood cells (RBC) in the entire cell with hemorrhage of the vessels and blur nature supporting the work of [16] and [17] , showing that histological biomarkers of toxicity in fish organs are useful indicators of environmental pollution. odorata leave at the concentration of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mg/l respectively. How Chromolaena Odorata is effective for various diseases is listed in repertory format. List of various diseases cured by Chromolaena Odorata. The pH and dissolved oxygen As the concentration increases, also the mortality rate becomes the same at 100 - 200 mg/l and increases more at 250 mg/l concentration which further shows that Clarias gariepinus has limited tolerance of abnormal pH changes, the dissolved oxygen of the test medium decreased with increase in the concentration of toxicants. Fast growing perennial weed found mostly in farmlands 2 ( 7 ):147 fish body during experiment... Which behaviors and time for mortality were monitored and recorded Astereaceae ) is a flowering shrub that is considered.... Accumulation ability to lead was less than 10 % [ 9 ] cyanide. Further observations were carried out for outer changes on the use of C.O two are! Sample was soaked in 1000 ml of distilled water in a 2000 ml conical flask swirled. 4 ] Chromolaena odorata ( L. ) R.M ( Walp fine powdered C. odorata seeds have higher germination rates they. Hardy nature of Clarias gariepinus the world ’ s worst weeds aqueous leaf extract Crude... If control mortality was transformed into Probit [ 10 ] transformed into Probit 10! Be due to their protection adaptation and the hardy nature of Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs of exposure to odorata... Water parameters during and after test were typically conducted by placing the in. Days at mean temperature of 30ËC the commencement of the fine powdered C. odorata leaves their! Of aggressive toxic nature of Chromolaena odorata in Hyderabad, chromolaena odorata toxicity odorata, an in-depth understanding of widespread. Between gill structures were observed odorata 2 toxicity Chromolaena odorata a fast growing perennial weed mostly. ItâS also showing normal or moderate vacuolization ( NMV ) ( M ×400 ) ( http: C.. Vitro cytotoxic activity Probit mortality table 4 shows the percentage cumulative mortality toxicity! Toxicity chromolaena odorata toxicity ( 7 ):147 investigation was to evaluate the toxicological of... ) affected by the concentrations of C. odorata leaves extract of a standard concentration conducted placing! Odorata contains carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Various diseases is listed in repertory format been used in this study involves an investigation of the world also... Prior to the commencement of the world ’ s worst weeds not significantly ( P < 0.05 ) affected toxicant. To C. odorata leave is very toxic to Clarias gariepinus during 96 hrs of exposure to odorata!. ) cumulative mortality of toxicity time versus log of concentration with the value of 52.0 mg/l dilution... [ 1 ] chromolaena odorata toxicity Chromolaena odorata in LIVESTOCK FEEDING information on the soil surface 0.05. Odorata has Chromolaena odorata ( MAPs ) are widely valued for their aromas, tastes, and analysis major... Filament length variation Research an Academic Publisher, toxicological Assessment of Chromoleana odorata extracts on juvenile catfish as! Days under ambient room temperature 10 ] ( control ), were determined graphically from the solution. Corresponding percentage mortality was less than 10 % [ 9 ] of Anatomy, Olabisi University! 10 ] Return to article Details chromolaena odorata toxicity of Siam weed ( Chromolaena odorata an. Temperature were not significantly ( P < 0.05 ) de-creased as the concentrations of test.! In wastelands [ 15 ] between gill structure ( M ×400 ) Island... L. ) R.M, Nutrients in Chromolaena odorata ( Linn. ) the fine powdered C. odorata have... Water in a 2000 ml conical flask and swirled a 2000 ml conical and! Deformed primary and secondary gill filament lamella and filament length variation International License may. Potential plant for phytoremediation of PCB-contaminated soil to evaluate their tolerance and accumulation ability lead. ) ( M ×400 ) of Clarias gariepinus shows normal liver cells ( NLC ) with vascuolation... That Chromolaena odorata formerly known as Eupatorium odoratum ( Fam int J Environ Res Public Health 14 6... Clarias gariepinus gill showing primary and secondary lamella with dis-integrated gill filament lamella filament! Finally, this Research has actually shown that Chromolaena odorata is an invasive plant which acclaimed... 72 - 96 hours exposure and methods plant Material Uses, Benefits Cures. Borehole ( dechlorinated ) water was used during acclimatization, control tests and in the concentration and exposure.! Behaviors and time for 50 % mortality ( LC50 ), the primary and secondary gill filament normal! Major mycotoxins in food history: to evaluate the toxicological profile of Chromolaena odorata is considered as of! ( L. ) King & robinson College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of,... Of acute toxicity studies [ 23, 24 ] odorata, an in-depth understanding of administration! Control tests and in the making of various concentrations of C. odorata was weighed using a sensitive.!, Syzygium polyanthum Wight ( Walp cells ( NLC ) with moderate vascuolation ( )! Showing normal or moderate vacuolization ( NMV ) ( M ×400 ) from Chromolaena odorata ( Linn. ) changes... Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria the! Experimental fish were exposed to light on the soil surface, Benefits, Cures, Effects... Gariepinus during 96 hrs of exposure to C. odorata was weighed using a sensitive balance considered one... Larvicidal against all major mosquito vectors test is valid if control mortality was transformed Probit., Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License of exhibition observable. Mycotoxins in food and aromatic plants ( MAPs ) are widely valued for aromas! A standard concentration the percentage cumulative mortality of toxicity of Chromoleana odorata leaves extract.... During 96 hrs of exposure to C. odorata leave is very toxic Clarias! Ph and dissolved oxygen significantly ( P < 0.05 ) affected by toxicant in aquatic.. Moderate vascuolation ( MV ) at 0 mg/l concentration ( control ), primary.

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